This page presents the raw observations of daily high and low temperature along with precipitation and snow when available. The dates shown are the date when the observation was reported. For observations made at 7 AM, this would be a for a 24 hour period up until that time and not for that local date. The timestamps shown are valid for the local timezone of that reporting station.
Hint: You should be able to
highlight the values in the table and then copy + paste these values into a
spreadsheet program like Excel. A
download interface does exist for these
observations.
| NWSLI: | Site Name: | Date: | Temp at Ob | Max Air Temp | Min Air Temp | Precip | Snowfall | Snow Depth | Snow Water Equiv |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3SE | SPENCER 1 N | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | -9 | 17 | -9 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| PGHI4 | PRIMGHAR | 7 Jan 2023 4PM | 6 | 15 | -5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| RKRI4 | ROCK RAPIDS | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | -4 | 17 | -5 | 0 | 0 | 16 | M |
| SIBI4 | Sibley | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | -2 | 21 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 14 | M |
| VNTI4 | VINTON | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 9 | 21 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| RKWI4 | ROCKWELL CITY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | -2 | 24 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| SIXI4 | SIOUX CENTER 2 SE | 7 Jan 2023 4PM | 6 | 14 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| SNBI4 | SANBORN | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | -2 | 21 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| MCWI4 | Mason City | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 0 | 15 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| POCI4 | POCAHONTAS | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 1 | 23 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| VICI4 | VICKS CORNER-SPIRIT LAKE IOWA | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | 1 | 15 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| .AR VICI4 230107 C DH2400/TX 15/TN -1/TA 1/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 11/UD 180/US 1/UG 3/UP 12/UR 360/DC2302062201 Heavy fog AM | |||||||||
| LEMI4 | LE MARS | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 1 | 15 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| CKPI4 | CHEROKEE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 0 | 27 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| FSCI4 | FOREST CITY 2 NNE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 0 | 13 | -1 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| ESTI4 | ESTHERVILLE 4 E | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| CIYI4 | Charles City | 7 Jan 2023 10PM | 10 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| EMMI4 | EMMETSBURG | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| SXRI4 | SIOUX RAPIDS 4 E | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| SPRI4 | SPIRIT LAKE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 1 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 15 | M |
| DAKI4 | DAKOTA CITY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 3 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| WEBI4 | WEBSTER CITY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 3 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| WMTI4 | FORT DODGE 5 NNW | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 2 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| .AR WMTI4 230107 C DH0647/TX 23/TN 1/TA 2/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 3/DC2302072007 Dense fog settling in this am; maybe 1 mile visibility | |||||||||
| SLBI4 | STORM LAKE 2 E | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 1 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| ALGI4 | ALGONA 3 W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 3 | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.3 |
| HLSI4 | Holstein 5NNW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| OSAI4 | Osage 1W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 3 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| SACI4 | SAC CITY | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 3 | 23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| TLDI4 | TOLEDO 3 N | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 6 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .A TLDI4 230107 C DH0700/TX 25/TN 3/TA 6/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/DC2301070905 frosty | |||||||||
| ASNI4 | ALLISON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 4 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| OLNI4 | OELWEIN 1E | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 3 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| SNYI4 | STANLEY 4 W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 9 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .A SNYI4 230107 C DH0700/TX 19/TN 3/TA 9/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/XW 45/DC2301091816 Rime icing | |||||||||
| BTLI4 | BATTLE CREEK 3NE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 3 | 28 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| WAUI4 | Waukon 3NNE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | 19 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| IWAI4 | IOWA FALLS | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 5 | 26 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| GNDI4 | GRUNDY CENTER | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 6 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| NHPI4 | New Hampton | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 5 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| MSHI4 | MARSHALLTOWN | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 6 | 28 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| JFFI4 | JEFFERSON 2 NW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 4 | 28 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .AR JFFI4 230107 C DH0716/TX 28/TN 4/TA 4/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/DC2301271059 Cold start to the day. Warmer as the day goes on. Sunday into next week warmer temperatures with some precipitation possible Thursday. Enjoy the day & have a good weekend. | |||||||||
| PSTI4 | POSTVILLE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 5 | 23 | 4 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| HPTI4 | HAMPTON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 6 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| SXGI4 | SIOUX CITY AIRPORT | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 4 | 31 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| ELDI4 | ELDORA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 5 | 26 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| BNWI4 | BOONE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 4 | 31 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| DCRI4 | DECORAH | 7 Jan 2023 6PM | 28 | 29 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| AMSI4 | AMES 8 WSW | 7 Jan 2023 4PM | 21 | 30 | 5 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| CINI4 | CARROLL | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 5 | 30 | 5 | 0 | 0 | T | 0 |
| FYTI4 | Fayette 3NNW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 7 | 19 | 5 | 0.01 | M | 3 | M |
| .AR FYTI4 230107 C DH0700/TX 19/TN 5/TA 7/PP 0.01/SF M/SD 3/DC2302192107 Clear, N Wind, Heavy Frost Conditions. Reported 0.5" of snow, set to missing | |||||||||
| LWDI4 | LOWDEN | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | 24 | 24 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .AR LWDI4 230107 C DH2400/TX 24/TN 5/TA 24/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/DC2302141237 heavy frost on trees, wires, etc | |||||||||
| EKRI4 | ELKADER 6SSW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 11 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| MPTI4 | MAPLETON NO. 2 | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 6 | 32 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| PERI4 | PERRY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 7 | 33 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| MHRI4 | MANCHESTER NO. 2 | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 12 | 21 | 6 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| BLLI4 | BELLE PLAINE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 8 | 28 | 6 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| GTHI4 | GUTHRIE CENTER | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 8 | 34 | 7 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| CRPI4 | CEDAR RAPIDS NO 1 | 7 Jan 2023 5PM | 20 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .AR CRPI4 230107 C DH1700/TX 21/TN 7/TA 20/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/XW 03/XP 4/DC2301072213 Frozen fog made for a pretty landscape. | |||||||||
| GRII4 | GRINNELL 3 SW | 7 Jan 2023 1PM | 18 | 31 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DNSI4 | DENISON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 23 | 23 | 7 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| AUDI4 | Audubon | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 8 | 34 | 7 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| NWTI4 | NEWTON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 8 | 30 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| AESI4 | AMES 5 SE | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 8 | 30 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| WLBI4 | WILLIAMSBURG 3 SE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 9 | 29 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| AMOI4 | Anamosa 3SSW | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 14 | 24 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| .A AMOI4 230107 C DH0700/TX 24/TN 8/TA 14/PP 0.00/SF 0.0/SD 1/DC2301070751 Fog | |||||||||
| DMX | Des Moines WFO | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | 13 | 25 | 9 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| MKTI4 | MAQUOKETA 4 W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 13 | 34 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| LSXI4 | LITTLE SIOUX 2 NW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 10 | 32 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| WTRI4 | WINTERSET 2 NNW | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 11 | 38 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| SGYI4 | Sigourney | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 14 | 31 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| KNXI4 | KNOXVILLE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 11 | 33 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| CLNI4 | CLINTON NO 1 | 7 Jan 2023 6PM | 25 | 25 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| DVNI4 | Davenport 6N | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | 26 | 26 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| COJI4 | COLUMBUS JUNCT 2 SSW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 18 | 32 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| GTTI4 | Guttenberg L & D 10 | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 14 | 21 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| CHRI4 | CHARITON 1 E | 7 Jan 2023 11AM | 23 | 37 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ATLI4 | ATLANTIC 1 NE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 13 | 40 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| GRNI4 | GREENFIELD | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 23 | 40 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| WSHI4 | WASHINGTON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 13 | 33 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BCNI4 | BEACONSFIELD | 7 Jan 2023 12PM | 25 | 39 | 14 | 0 | M | M | M |
| MSTI4 | MUSCATINE 2 N | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 17 | 30 | 14 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| MCTI4 | MUSCATINE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 17 | 33 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| FRFI4 | FAIRFIELD | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 16 | 33 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| DLDI4 | Dubuque L&D 11 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 15 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| CASI4 | CASCADE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | 23 | 15 | 0 | M | T | M |
| BLVI4 | Bellevue LD 12 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 17 | 37 | 15 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| ICYI4 | IOWA CITY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 16 | 31 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| OSEI4 | OSCEOLA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 15 | 40 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| CNTI4 | CENTERVILLE | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 17 | 38 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| LOGI4 | LOGAN | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 15 | 36 | 15 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| ALRI4 | ALLERTON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 15 | 38 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| LECI4 | LeClaire L&D 14 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 19 | 24 | 15 | 0 | M | M | M |
| OAKI4 | OAKLAND | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 16 | 37 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| DNNI4 | DONNELLSON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 16 | 32 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| KEQI4 | KEOSAUQUA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 16 | 38 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| 3OI | LAMONI | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 17 | 41 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| MTAI4 | MOUNT AYR | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 16 | 42 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| ROKI4 | RED OAK | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 19 | 42 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BLGI4 | BURLINGTON | 7 Jan 2023 5AM | 17 | 40 | 17 | M | M | M | M |
| CRNI4 | Corning | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 17 | 41 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| CLDI4 | CLARINDA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 20 | 44 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| SDHI4 | SHENANDOAH | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | 22 | 40 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| FTMI4 | Fort Madison | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | 28 | 29 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| EOKI4 | Keokuk L&D 19 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | 21 | 39 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| PEAI4 | PELLA 1 S | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| IONI4 | Ionia 2W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| SPTI4 | Strawberry Point | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | T | 0 | 1 | M |
| .A SPTI4 230107 C DH0700/PP T/SF 0.0/SD 1/DC2301071253 Fog, everything covered with frost. | |||||||||
| OSKI4 | OSKALOOSA | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| STBI4 | STEAMBOAT ROCK | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| RINI4 | RINGSTED | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| RMSI4 | REMSEN NO. 2 | 7 Jan 2023 12PM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| BLKI4 | BLOCKTON | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| CCTI4 | Central City | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| HLYI4 | HOLLY SPRINGS 1NW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| KSLI4 | Kesley | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| RADI4 | RATHBUN DAM | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| WACI4 | Waucoma 1WNW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| CRTI4 | CRESTON 2 SW | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| SHDI4 | SHELDON | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| MROI4 | MARENGO | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| UNDI4 | UNDERWOOD | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BLMI4 | BLOOMFIELD 1 WNW | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| HRFI4 | Hartford | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| CMBI4 | COLUMBIA | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| HSTI4 | HOLSTEIN | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| RKVI4 | ROCK VALLEY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | 0 | M | M | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| PTRI4 | PETERSON | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| CMRI4 | Calmar | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| AAKI4 | AMES | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| GRWI4 | GARWIN | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| EVYI4 | EVERLY 3 WNW | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| NENI4 | NORTH ENGLISH | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| STYI4 | Story City | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| JAMI4 | JAMAICA 3 S | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| SLHI4 | Salem 1 S | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BRKI4 | BROOKLYN | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| IDAI4 | INDIANOLA 4 W | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| CLUI4 | CLUTIER | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| NHUI4 | NASHUA 2SW | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| KANI4 | Kanawha | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| LMLI4 | LAKE MILLS | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| ALBI4 | ALBIA 3 NNE | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| ORCI4 | ORANGE CITY | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| ADXI4 | ADEL | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| TREI4 | TRAER | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| HSII4 | HASTINGS 4 NE | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| MZUI4 | MONTEZUMA 1 W | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| DWTI4 | DE WITT | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| LORI4 | LORIMOR | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| UBSI4 | Johnston | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| MXWI4 | MAXWELL | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| RANI4 | RANDOLPH | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| RWCI4 | ROCKWELL CITY NO. 2 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| ELMI4 | ELMA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| OGDI4 | OGDEN | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| SANI4 | St Ansgar | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | T | T | 5 | M |
| COOI4 | COON RAPIDS | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| SWHI4 | SWISHER | 7 Jan 2023 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| MCLI4 | Monticello | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| HBTI4 | HUMBOLDT WATER PLANT | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| GLNI4 | GLENWOOD | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| SWEI4 | SWEA CITY 4 W | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| ALXI4 | Waterloo NWS Snowfall | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.3 |
| .AR ALXI4 230107 C DH2400/PP T/PT 5/PPK T/SF T/SD 2/SFK T/DC2301131746 0330Z - Observed very light snow. Flakes were very fine crystal-like. 0400Z - Snow ended. Streets only show dusting. Not confused with earlier false flurries of frost falling off nearby trees. | |||||||||
| DSXI4 | Des Moines NWS Snow | 7 Jan 2023 11PM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| LKPI4 | LAKE PARK | No Observation Reported for 2023-01-07 | |||||||
| MSNI4 | MASSENA | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| ZRGI4 | ZEARING | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| DUBI4 | Dubuque #3 | 7 Jan 2023 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| .AR DUBI4 230107 C DH0600/PP 0.00/PPQ 0.00/SF 0.0/SD T/SFQ 0.0/DC2302141152 heavy frost | |||||||||
| WGCI4 | DES MOINES WAVELAND | 7 Jan 2023 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
Errors exist in this dataset and you should evaluate the observations before using...